Whipple shields are composed of multiple layers of metal material with gaps in between them (either empty or filled with material, such as stuffed whipple shields with kevlar), which reduce the spacecraft mass while providing the same amount of protections from space debris impacts.
Instead of the spacecraft having thick shields on its outside, it can use layers of whipple shields, and for large expensive spacecraft (like the International Space Station or Hubble Space Telescope) outer layers can be patched by astronauts.
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